Dubravka has made only two appearances for Manchester United in his short spell at Old Trafford, with both coming in the League Cup.
He was brought in on summer transfer deadline day to provide cover for David De Gea.
The Slovakia international will head back to Saint James' Park to assist Nick Pope in the goalkeeping department.
Dubravka joined Newcastle from Sparta Prague in January 2018 and has played 130 times for the club.
The Red Devils have released an official statement confirming Dubravka's return to Newcastle, which reads: "Martin Dubravka has been recalled from his season-long loan to Manchester United by his parent club Newcastle United.
’The Slovakian goalkeeper has made two appearances for the Reds since arriving from Tyneside in the summer, both in the Carabao Cup.
"We would like to thank Martin for his contribution during his time with our club, and wish him all the best for the future."
Newcastle's statement confirming Dubravka's return read: "Martin Dúbravka has been recalled from his season-long loan spell with Manchester United.
"The Slovakia international goalkeeper joined the Red Devils on a temporary basis in September and made two appearances under Erik ten Hag.
"Dúbravka, who joined the Magpies from Czech side Sparta Prague, initially on loan, in January 2018 has made 130 competitive appearances during his time on Tyneside, recording 37 clean sheets in the English top-flight.
"He won the club's 2019/20 Player of the Year award as well as the 2018 North East Football Writers' Association Player of the Year, and recorded eight shut-outs last term."
Newcastle are currently involved in an unlikely top four battle with Manchester United.
