Delph has been dogged by fitness issues over the last two seasons, restricting him to just 19 Premier League appearances over that period.
He became a free agent this summer after his contract with the Toffees expired.
Delph started his career at Leeds United before joining Aston Villa, where he became club captain.
A move to Manchester City in the summer of 2015 saw him win two Premier League titles, an FA Cup and three League Cups before his switch to Goodison Park in the summer of 2019.
Delph wrote on Instagram: "Today I announce my retirement with nothing but happiness and gratitude for what this beautiful game has given me.
"Massive shout out to my family, friends, players and staff from the amazing clubs I have been fortunate enough to represent as well as the support I have had from the fans."
Delph won 20 caps for the England national team and was part of the side that reached the semi finals of the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia.
