Van Dijk was sent off in the 29th minute by referee John Brooks for hacking down Alexander Isak, with the Reds trailing 1-0 at the time.
It took Van Dijk a while before leaving the pitch before confronting fourth referee Craig Pawson on the sidelines.
Van Dijk received an automatic one match suspension for the sending off which saw him miss last weekend's 3-0 win over Aston Villa but will have to sit out the fixture against Wolverhampton Wanderers next week as well.
The Netherlands international has also been fined £100,000.
An FA statement said: "Virgil van Dijk has been suspended for one match and fined £100,000 for breaching FA Rule E3.1 during Liverpool's Premier League fixture against Newcastle United on Sunday 27 August.
"The defender admitted that he acted in an improper manner and used abusive and insulting words towards a match official after being sent off in the 29th minute, and the sanctions were subsequently imposed by an independent Regulatory Commission.
"Full written reasons for this case will be published in due course."
Despite Van Dijk's dismissal, Liverpool rallied to claim a 2-1 victory thanks to a late brace from Darwin Nunez.
