Van Dijk was sent off in the 29th minute by referee John Brooks for hacking down Alexander Isak, with the Reds trailing 1-0 at the time.
It took Van Dijk a while before leaving the pitch before confronting fourth referee Craig Pawson on the sidelines.
Van Dijk received an automatic one match suspension for the sending off which will see him miss this weekend's fixture against Aston Villa but the Netherlands skipper could be forced to sit out an additional game if found guilty.
“Virgil van Dijk has been charged with a breach of FA Rule E3.1 following Liverpool’s Premier League game against Newcastle United on Sunday, 27 August,” read a statement from the Football Association.
“It’s alleged that the defender acted in an improper manner and/or used abusive and/or insulting words towards a match official.”
Van Dijk has until Friday to respond to the charge.
Despite Van Dijk's dismissal, Liverpool rallied to claim a 2-1 victory thanks to a late brace from Darwin Nunez.
