Haaland had a remarkable debut season in England last term, scoring 52 goals across all competitions, including 36 in 35 Premier League games.
The 23-year-old's goals helped Manchester City win the Premier League, FA Cup and UEFA Champions League for the first time.
Haaland saw off the challenge of compatriot Martin Odegaard, John Stones, Harry Kane, Bukayo Saka and Kevin de Bruyne to win the award.
"It's an honour to win this prestigious award," said Haaland.
"To be recognised by your competitors is a great feeling and I would like to thank everyone who voted for me.
"It was an unforgettable season for the team and for me personally. Winning the Treble was something I never imagined, so to achieve that with such a special group of players was an amazing feeling.
"We created some incredible memories last season, but now we want to do the same again this year. We have started the season well and we need to keep going."
Saka won young player of the year award.
