Academy graduate Trent Alexander-Arnold will be the new vice-captain of the club.
Former vice-captain James Milner left at the end of the 2022/2023 season to join Brighton and Hove Albion on a free transfer.
Van Dijk joined Liverpool from Southampton in January 2018 and has made 222 appearances in his time at the club.
The 32-year-old has won the Premier League, UEFA Champions League, FA Cup, League Cup, UEFA Super Cup and FIFA Club World Cup in his time at Liverpool.
Van Dijk is also captain of the Netherlands national team.
Van Dijk told Liverpool's website: "A really proud day for me, for my wife, for my kids, my family. It's been a special feeling.
"Obviously I'm captain of Holland, that was already such a huge honour, a proud moment as well. But also to be the captain of Liverpool is something that I can't describe at this point.
"It's just something that makes me very proud and I will do everything in my power to make everyone proud and happy with me and the football club."
