Klinsmann makes a return to management for the first time in three years, when his spell as Hertha Berlin lasted ten weeks.
The former Germany and USA manager comes in as a replacement for Paulo Bento, who left his role as South Korea boss after the Qatar 2022 FIFA World Cup.
Bento was in charge of the Asian side for four years and led South Korea to the round of 16 stage of the World Cup, where they lost 4-1 to Brazil.
"I am very happy and honoured to be following in the footsteps of great coaches who have directed the Korean national team, from Guus Hiddink to former coach Paulo Bento," Klinsmann said.
"I know that the Korean national team has been improving and achieving results over a long period of time.
"I will do my best to achieve successful results in the upcoming Asian Cup and 2026 World Cup."
Klinsmann led Germany to third place at the 2006 World Cup on home soil and also took USA to the knockout rounds of the 2014 World Cup.
The 58-year-old won the World Cup as a player in 1990 with Germany, for whom he scored 47 goals in 108 goals.
